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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 MLA\u060c (Modern Language Association)[3]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0647\u064a 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style)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 (\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647) \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 (\u060c)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0642\u0648\u0633 (\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631)\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u06372\u060c 2012\u0645)\u060c 3\/257<\/p>\n<p>Joseph Schacht, The Origins of Muhammaden Jurispridence,) Oxford: Clarendon Press, \u00a0First published, 1950(, p 321<\/p>\n<p>3. \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 APA\u060c (American psychological Association)[5]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u0648\u064a\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0651\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0639. (1999\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0635 13<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-31571 aligncenter lazyloaded b-loaded\" src=\"data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\"   width=\"559\" height=\"352\" data-><\/p>\n<p>4-\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u201c\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f\u201d\u00a0 [6](Using the Harvard System)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0650\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0623\u0638\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a: (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c 2017\u060c \u0635 11)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 <\/strong><strong>1<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0647\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0641\u062f. \u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 2008\u0645\u060c \u0635 41<\/p>\n<p>Arendt, Hannah. Condition de l\u2019homme moderne, Editions Calmann-L\u00e9vy, Paris, 1983. P 30<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 <\/strong><strong>2<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong> \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1397\u0647\u0640\/1959\u0645\u060c \u0635 78<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 1980\u0645\u060c \u0635 114<\/p>\n<p>Les r\u00e8gles de la m\u00e9thode sociologique, Emile, Durkheim. Edition Flammarion, Paris, 1988, p 54<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642:<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u060c \u0628\u060c \u062c\u060c \u062f\u060c \u0647\u060c\u2026.) \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u062c\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u060c \u0628\u060c \u062a\u060c \u062b\u060c\u2026)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 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The Effect of Intelligence on Student\u2019s Academic (Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis), An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine, 1995.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a. \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 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\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062d\u0641).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 (\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 (\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a).<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a (\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627)\u060c<\/p>\n<p>\u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u060c \u0628\u060c \u062a\u060c \u062b\u2026) \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0627 (\u0623\u060c \u0628\u060c \u062c\u060c \u062f\u2026).<\/p>\n<p>[1] \u2013 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647: \u201c<strong>\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/strong>\u201d \u0637\u0628\u0639: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629: 1990\u0645. \u0635:36.<\/p>\n<p>[2] \u2013 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a. <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0642<\/strong>\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u06371\u060c 1419\u0647\u0640\/1999\u0645<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a\/Pittsburgh (https:\/\/pitt.libguides.com)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u062f\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0631 2018\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>[4] \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0641\u064a (https:\/\/www.chicagomanualofstyle.org)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0648\u0647\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u062f\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0631 2018\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>[5] \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>[6] \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>[7] \u2013 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b: \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>[8] \u2013 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0631\u0627\u063a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064a: \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0637 1\u060c 1440\u0647\u0640\/2019\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/presstetouan.com\/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639)\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0630\u0650\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u062a\u064f\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[589],"tags":[7254],"class_list":["post-349536","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinion","tag-journal"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fluxpress.net\/?p=349536\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 - \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639)\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0630\u0650\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 (\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u062a\u064f\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064f\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fluxpress.net\/?p=349536\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-07-31T07:48:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fluxpress.net\\\/?p=349536#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fluxpress.net\\\/?p=349536\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/fluxpress.net\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/89a332341ed1bb9573e35d0db25ab9eb\"},\"headline\":\"\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 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