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\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0646 36.8% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 46.5% \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 96% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u201c\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201d \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u201d\u00a0Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors\u201d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0641\u201d\u00a0Mikhail Blinnikov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 7\u00a0%\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u2013 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 4\u00a0%\u00a0\u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 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\u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1996 \u06481998 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u062c\u0648\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u064a\u201d\u00a0Jocelyne Cesari\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u201d\u00a0The Oxford Handbook of European Islam\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 10% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u201c\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u201c\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 2016\u060c \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u201d\u00a0US State Department, International Religious Freedom Report 2016, Belgium\u00a0\u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c 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\u201c\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u201d \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u201d\u00a0The Bosnian Muslims in the Second World War\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u201c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u201d\u00a0Marko Attila Hoare. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b 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37% \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 33% \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 24% \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0623\u0646 37% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644\/ \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a 46% \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 37% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 15% \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u201d \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 42%\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u061f\u201dHow does France count its Muslim population? \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u201c\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0641\u201d\u00a0Michael Cosgrove\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u201c\u0644\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0648\u201dLe Figaro\u00a0\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 33% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u00a0INED \/ INSEE\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2010. \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0645 20% \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u064831% \u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b\u201d\u00a0French Muslims becoming more observant\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u201c\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0632\u201dReuters. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 70% \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u064a\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u201d. \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 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\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646\u201d\u00a0nominal\u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0623\u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0646\u201d\u00a0abangan\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u201d\u00a0orthodox\u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u201c\u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u201d\u00a0santri\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u0648\u0646 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style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u201c\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u201d\u00a0Reza Gholami\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u201d\u00a0Secularism and Identity: Non-Islamiosity in the Iranian Diaspora\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a 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\u201c\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a. \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0646\u201d\u00a0Wayne C. Thompson\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u00a0The World Today Series\u00a0\u201c\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 2020-2022\u201d\u00a0Nordic, Central, and Southeastern Europe 2020\u20132022 Hk\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u0648 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\/\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 13\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0626\u0644\u0648\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a \u201c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u201d\u00a0P\u00e5l Ketil Botvar\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u201d\u00a0Views on human rights among Christian, Muslim and non-religious youth in Norway and Sweden\u00a0\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u201c\u0646\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u201d\u00a0Nordic Journal of Religion and Society\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 40-50% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u201c\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2004\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 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\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u201d\u00a0Rethinking Today\u2019s Minorities.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/al3omk.com\/959933.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0625\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631\/\u0623\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0644 2001. \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[589],"tags":[34596,7254],"class_list":["post-642403","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-opinion","tag-france","tag-journal"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 - \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fluxpress.net\/?p=642403\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/fluxpress.net\/?p=642403\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-08-25T11:52:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" 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